The microprocessor

In 1993 firm Intel has declared the beginning of industrial deliveries of processor Pentium with clock frequency of 66 and 60 MHz. The systems constructed on base Pentium, are completely compatible with the personal computers using microprocessors i8088, i80286, i80386, i80486 (see Family of MT х88/х86). The new microcircuit contained about 3,1 million transistors and had the 32-bit address and 64-digit external Bus of the data. { Intel}

Architecture Pentium contains two arithmetic-logic devices due to what two commands can be executed for one step of synchronization. Pentium has also two separate caches on 8 Kb: one for commands, another — for the data. Pentium is first mass processor Intel with superscalar architecture and a dynamic prediction of transitions in executed programs. By development Pentium productivity of the module of calculations from a floating point has been essentially raised(increased), hardware supportof the self-testing, the current control of productivity and the expanded debugging is added. Due to built - in in Pentium to the controller of interruptions of multiprocessing systems have was extended dual-processor servers and workstations on his(its) basis.

Pentium with clock frequency productivity about(near) 112 MIPS has of 66 MHz. As the technique of definition MIPS strongly depends on features of architecture of the processor and not always reflects real productivity, since 1992 to a rating of productivity of processors began to apply the integrated tests developed by noncommercial association SPEC — SPEC92, and then SPEC95. SPEC95 will consist of two sets of tests: CINT95 — for measurement of productivity at performance of integer operations and CFP95 — for measurement of productivity at performance of operations with a floating point. From included in SPEC95 parameters apply two more often: SPECint95 — average geometrical the normalized results of performance of eight test programs written in language Си with a heavy use of integer arithmetics, with deep optimization; SPECfp95 — average geometrical the normalized results of performance of ten test programs written in language FORTRAN with a heavy use of operations with a floating point, откомпилированных with deep optimization.

Tests SPEC allow not only to compare among themselves processors of family x86, but processors of other architecture (Alpha, PowerPC, MIPS, Sparc, ARM, PA-RISC, etc.). Results of test SPEC for processor Pentium with clock frequency make of 200 MHz 5,47 for SPECint95 and 3,68 for SPECfp95 (on a parent payment 512 Kb of cache - memory of the second level have been established). The parameter of test Norton SI32 under Windows 95 makes 44,6.

Eventually designed on a pressure(voltage) 5 In microcircuits Pentium with clock frequency of 60/66 MHz have been removed(have been taken off) from manufacture. Some years were issued versions Pentium of the second generation with internal multiplication of frequency in 1,5, 2,2,5 and 3 times on 75/50, 90/60, 100/66, 120/60, 133/66, 150/60, 166/66 both 200/66 MHz and a pressure(voltage) of a feed(meal) 3,3 In, constructed with use 0,6-and 0,35-micron bi comp processes. At the end of 1997 release of processors and this series has been stopped, and firm Intel has completely passed on manufacture of the microprocessor of new generation Pentium Pro.

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